< PreviousSCENIC FLIGHTS HELI CHARTER HELI FISHING PROPOSAL FLIGHTS HOTEL TRANSFERS COMMERCIAL OPS PHOTOGRAPHY PPL and CPL TRAINING CAANZ CERTIFICATED R 22, R 44, S 300 SAFETY AWARENESS COURSES TYPE RATINGS INSTRUCTOR RATINGS NIGHT RATINGS (unlim) 09 299 9442 sylvia@heliflite.nz www.heliflite.co.nz EuroFOX DtiAircraftSales.com NZ Agents for AeroPro EuroFOX. LSA or Microlight category. Tricycle or tail wheel undercarriage. Glider tow version. Rotax 912 ULS engine. Wings can be folded. Outstanding quality and reliability. Priced from €60,000 ex-factory plus options KiwiFlyer Magazine Issue 72 30 For all your engine overhauls Lycoming, Continental, Gipsy, Rotax... Part 145 approved Call Damon Himburg or Graeme Daniell 03 489 6870 or 027 307 5850 Taieri Airport, Mosgiel. www.southair.co.nz February 21st RV Aircraft Fly-in At Turangi. Starting 11am, $15 BBQ lunch incl drink. No landing fees. Contact Alan Turner 021 458375. February 26th - 28th Wings Over Wairarapa Air Show Premier biennial event at Masterton’s Hood Aerodrome. 70+ aircraft on display including The Vintage Aviator’s Collection. www.wings.org.nz March 3rd - 7th National Aerobatic Championships At Hood Aerodrome, Masterton. Contact Andrew Love, Torque_Roll@hotmail.com March 5th - 7th Tiger Moth Club AGM Fly-in At Thames. Annual fly-in, dinner, competitions, dinner, AGM. Contact Graeme 027 293 2318 ruffchops@gmail.com March 19th to 22nd AOPANZ 50th Anniversary & AGM At Cromwell. Golf, go karting, dinner, fly-out. www.aopa.co.nz March 21st Microlight Aircraft Fly-in At Turangi. Starting 11am, $15 BBQ lunch incl drink. No landing fees. Contact Alan Turner 021 458375. March 5th - 7th Tiger Moth Club AGM Fly-in At Thames. Annual fly-in, dinner, competitions, dinner, AGM. Contact Graeme 027 293 2318 ruffchops@gmail.com April 2nd - 4th Yealands Classic Fighters Air Show At Omaka. See news briefs p4 and don’t miss this spectacular 20th anniversary biennial event. classicfighters.co.nz Add your event to this list. Email details to: michael@kiwiflyer.co.nz Event GuideP: 09 298 8206 or 0800 322 206 F: 09 298 8218 E: insure@avsure.co.nz www.avsure.co.nz Contact us at AVSURE for a free no-obligation quote on any aviation related insurance requirements that you have AIRCRAFT AVIATION LIABILITY PROPERTY PERSONAL l Pleasure & Business Aircraft l Charter l Aircraft Sales l Flying Schools l Clubs l Agricultural l Helicopters l Premises l Airports l Products l Chemical l Hangar keepers l Hangars and Contents l Pilot Personal Accident l Passengers l Pilots term life AVSURE provides the most competitive insurance programmes available in the Aviation Industry. When considering your aircraft insurance, you definitely need the best ADVICE, EXPERIENCE and RESOURCES. At AVSURE, WE DELIVER. AVSURE - where aviation insurance isn’t just a sideline, it’s all we do! RPAS, UAVs, DRONES l Commercial Operator Cover for: Hull & Liability or Liability only SPECIALIST AVIATION INSURANCE BROKER Boston Marks | A Gallagher Company Aviation Insurance contributed by Bill Beard 31 2021 #1 Aviation Insurance Claim Worries Unless you are violating the terms of your policy, there should be no need for paranoia if the time comes for an insurance claim. Bill Beard from Avsure explains: We have been a party to conversations recently wherein an aircraft owner vented his opinion fairly strongly that Aviation Insurers would do whatever they could to avoid paying claims. We deal with insurance companies every day of the week and you may be interested to know that the underwriting staff of the majority of companies are very knowledgeable in aviation matters, either being long standing aviation enthusiasts or pilots, and in some cases even private aircraft owners themselves. Avsure have been involved in the aviation insurance industry for 30+ years and have only come across a few insurance claims that were justifiably denied. However, over this time I cannot recall seeing even one claim being declined for what I would consider questionable reasons. I can assure you that aviation insurers would only consider declining a claim if there is a clear violation of the policy terms and conditions and that the violation is directly related to the cause of the accident that resulted in the claim. Claim settlements are the insurance industry’s “shop window”. Companies will not risk legal action as a result of declining a claim on non-related grounds. On the other hand, I would expect an aviation insurance company to deny a claim if the pilot was either not named as an approved pilot or did not meet the pilot qualifications or minimum experience levels under an open pilot warranty. Likewise you could expect problems if at the time of an accident, the aircraft was being used for something other than the approved uses under the policy. The best way to avoid problems in this area is to make sure your policy is correctly issued. I would suggest you check your policy right now to ensure the uses adequately meet your requirements, bearing in mind that standard uses do not include (amongst other more hazardous activities) instruction, private hire/ rental, aerobatics, patrols, experimental or competition flying or air races unless specifically mentioned in the schedule. Ensure all pilots that fly your aircraft are named or meet any restrictions imposed under the policy. Ensure the correct pilot information, with regard to experience and hours on type are accurately recorded with the underwriting company. Bear in mind that known CAA violations relating to any pilot should be notified and updated every renewal. It is important to keep in mind that it is a policy condition that you must comply with all CAA rules with regard to the operation of your aircraft. Avsure only arranges policies with specialist aviation insurance companies with an “A” or higher rating which indicate an excellent claims paying ability. We are very particular with regard to security we use in arranging aircraft insurances to ensure prompt and reliable settlements in the event of claims, but the owner(s) / policy holder must comply with the policy conditions. To discuss this topic or any other questions relating to aviation insurance or to seek quotations, contact Arden Jennings or Bill Beard at Avsure on 0800 322 206.KiwiFlyer Magazine Issue 72 32 Many areas of New Zealand have been hard hit by the collapse of international tourism, but the effects are most greatly felt in our more remote locations. One of those is Franz Josef and partly for that reason, Ruth has chosen it as her Place to Go for this edition. Fly yourself to Franz Josef There’s a lot more to Franz Josef than a glacier. This is Okarito Lagoon. NZFJ is situated in one of the far reaching corners of New Zealand that could really do with our help right now. Like many other remote spots such as Te Anau, getting to Franz Josef is quite a logistics exercise if travelling by land, but if you have a flying machine and need an excuse to use it, then it’s a great Place to Go. You might wonder about the weather but over the years I have resided on the West Coast I have noticed that it is actually so much sunnier and calmer than the impression most people have. As a Haast tour operator, I experience this on a daily basis and I think it has a lot to do with the television weather reports. Whatever they say, looking out the window is the most reliable check so feel free to ring me for an actual - 03 7500 780, or check out the webcams at glaciercountry.co.nz and www.metflight.metra. co.nz. For longer term planning try www.yr.no (set to English and check your location is in NZ), then you can open up hour by hour charts. I still also use metvuw.com which have up to 10 day forecast charts. Remember to check your NOTAMS! Up until last summer, you would have wandered into a buzzing town full of tourists with the constant whop whop of helicopters overhead, a bustling main street and busy restaurants. Now in Franz Josef, the buzzing is replaced with peaceful silence and lots of kea singing a greeting - perfect for New Zealanders wanting to rediscover their country at their own pace. If flying into Franz Josef airfield (2.5 nm W of Franz Josef township), you will need to contact the operator, Air Safaris 03 752 0716 first for a briefing. Part of the runway is gravel, which was affected by the March 2019 floods. The airfield’s total length including the bitumen is 801 m with a 1 degree slope up to the east on runway 10. Skydive ops occur 2 nm NW of the field but will not commence dropping if you are establishing or within the circuit. Alps traffic 118.60 applies as you are within the Southern Alps MBZ and keep a keen look out for helicopters operating nearby from the township to the glacier. There is fuel available most of the time with Z card. There’s plenty of parking, just be sure to ask the friendly local pilot Tony about the best place to tie down (remember to pack them) while you wait for pick up. The Glacier shuttle bus 027 205 5922, will pick you up for $15 per person and take you to town. Do arrange this prior to arrival as the mobile coverage is not the best right at the field. Accommodation here varies from backpacker to luxury - one of which is the 5 star Te Waonui Forest Retreat. I was fortunate Places to Go contributed by Ruth Allanson Okarito Boat Tours image33 2021 #1 enough to pass through here and their food is exquisite and they also have a day spa called Amaia. The setting is very peaceful with each room looking out into the rainforest. www.tewaonui.co.nz. The spa is currently offering many specials and is an excellent way to wind down. There’s also the Franz Josef Hotel which is very comfortable and under the ownership of the same group. Perhaps not a well-known fact outside of the area is that sometimes they upgrade customers to Te Waonui, which makes for a lovely surprise on arrival. Right across the road from these hotels is the Rainforest Retreat which I have watched grow over the last 15 years from a backpacker/motel to a place where you can go low to high end in a flash - their luxury tree house lodges have individual spa pools on the private deck. There are some really good specials out there right now too, especially for multi stay nights, check out www.rainforest.nz For a bite or a great coffee, Snakebite restaurant is situated in the main street of Franz Josef with a theme of South East Asian combining with Kiwi dishes and craft beer. Their dumplings are great, as are their coffee and home baked treats. www.snakebite. co.nz. There are plenty of other nice restaurants/bars to choose from and there is also a well stocked Four Square store on the main road. If you need to work up an appetite Franz Josef has plenty of walks. One I did recently was the Tartare Tunnel track, an 80 minute return that starts in the township, follows a track along the river and then ascends to the first tunnel that is the start of the 500 metre tunnel system from the Tartare Gorge to pipe water to the Waiho terrace. Take a torch and footwear for getting wet, as the water in the tunnel can be ankle deep and ice cold. It took three teams working around the clock, a whole year to dig their way through the bedrock. Unfortunately, the gold recovered from the site did not cover the mining costs and the company closed down in 1908. From 1911 the pipes that sent water to the sluice site were adapted to supply water to the Graham Hotel. The water also drove a pelton wheel that supplied a sawmill by day and the township by night. From 1938 till 1982 a small hydroelectric power station continued this job. The operation ended when the power station was washed away in a massive flood in 1982. There are many walks leading from the Glacier carpark which is just across the Waiho Bridge. In March 2019 a flood took the bridge away leaving the West Coast cut off for over two weeks just before that Christmas. The last few years haven’t been easy on the Coast so they need New Zealander’s support more than ever right now. The West Coast Wildlife Centre is the place for coffee and ice-cream plus a great display of local history, Kiwi and Tuatara. The South Island’s largest kiwi hatching facility, it was one of the first public/private partnerships set up between DoC and private enterprise when it opened in 2010. Lonely Planet judged this one of top 12 places to visit in NZ. If you feel like some pampering try out the new Waiho Hot Tubs situated in the rain forest www.waihohottubs.co.nz. While there we learned of the Māori story of the glacier; about Hinehukatere, a strong and fearless girl who loved climbing in the mountains, and of her broken heart when her less experienced lover was swept away in an avalanche… Lake Mapourika is great for fishing and swimming. Support local and take a tour or fishing adventure with Franz Josef Wilderness Tours. If you are keen to try a SUP, they have them for Okarito Boat Tours image The Best Experience in South Westland Waiatoto River Safari caters for all mobilities, and provides a free local-fare BBQ for groups of 6 pax and over. Need a pick up from the aerodrome? Let us know. Use promo code KiwiFlyer when booking online www.riversafaris.co.nz/group-river-tours-and-charters 07 843 1200 or 021 743 033 1 Ingram Rd, Rukuhia, Hamilton paul@centralaero.nz Helicopter Maintenance Aeroplane Maintenance Maintenance Control Services Light Sport Aircraft Maintenance Amateur Built Aircraft Maintenance Microlight and Autogyro Maintenance Rotax Maintenance Balloon Inspections Airworthiness Reviews Avionics Checks Propeller Balancing Digital Vibration Analysis Advice and support for all things aviation For more information, visit centralaero.nz KEEPING YOU FLYINGKiwiFlyer Magazine Issue 72 34 hire and complete with guided tours, even into the Okārito Kiwi Sanctuary. Like me you might be wondering what a SUP is - a stand up paddleboard. www.franzjoseftours.co.nz Local Airfields While in Franz Josef there are two nearby airfields in which you can visit for a day and walk straight in. The first is the lovely little village of Okārito. Readers may recall of my previous writing of this magical place four years ago. Flying in there will require some bush flying skills as it is a rougher grass strip with limited approach options from the south, but clear to the north. There is a road running across the airfield and since it is an integral part of the township, do a run over it first for a good look out for people on the field itself and for any bird life from the nearby Okarito Lagoon. Park at the southwest end, off to the side near the camping ground. While there take a walk along The Strand. In the heyday of 1866 there were over 4000 people that lived in the town and its surrounds with 33 stores and considerably more hotels lining the main street. Okārito Boat tours and Okārito Kayaks are the two business here that take you out on to the lagoon which is the largest unmodified wetland in NZ with over 70 species of native and migratory birds living here. Paula and Swade run www.okaritoboattours.co.nz and have daily morning departures that are a photographer and bird watchers delight. You’ll also enjoy one of Swade’s delightful cookies while out on the lagoon. Once back stretch your legs at the northern end of the airfield where there is a 90 minute return trig walk affording stunning views. Wayne and Aru Allanson on the Tartare Tunnel track. Glacier Country Helicopters offer various scenic flights. Places to Go 35 2021 #1 Franz Josef Glacier viewed from a Glacier Country helicopter flight.Cruise or fish with Franz Josef Wilderness Tours. Paddle power on Lake Maupourika. www.avcraft.co.nz Avcraft Engineering NZ Ltd. Feilding Aerodrome 06 212 0920 avionics@avcraft.co.nz For a fresh look at avionics, talk to our skilled engineers. We are Authorised Dealers for Garmin, JP Instruments, Avidyne, Aspen Avionics, and more. Ask us about tailoring a package to suit your requirements and budget. Need ADS-B? Choose from several great units and have it installed for under $8,000 NZD +GST then claim your $2,500 +GST ADS-B Rebate! Avoid the rush. Get your aircraft ADS-B ready Now! Rebates Available - up to US$250 per display. G3X Touch offers a variety of panel configurations and a superior feature set including wireless connectivity and synthetic vision as standard, as well as options such as display redundancy, advanced autopilot compatibility, engine monitoring and more. L3 Lynx NGT-9000 - ADS-B In/Out Transponder which displays ADS-B traffic on its own display, as well as other panel mounted avionics. Includes Wi-Fi module for connectivity to iPad and Android flight apps. Basic 7” Display System from US$7995 +GST Installed from NZ$11,500 +GST Garmin G3X CertifiedL-3 Lynx NGT-9000KiwiFlyer Magazine Issue 72 36 The 5 star Te Waonui Forest Retreat. Another airfield for a day jaunt from Franz Josef is Fox Glacier, NZFO. Contact the Sullivan’s for permission on 03 751 0828 and you can gain a briefing from Fox Skydive for fixed wing or Glacier Country Helicopters for rotary. This is a shorter field than NZFJ with a steeper slope of over 3 degrees so have a thorough swot up. Park up, pay your landing fee and then head into town for the newest activity here which is exploring the area by E-bike. Run by Fox Guiding this is a really fun way to see the rain forest and also to view the Fox terminal from a ‘secret’ location. There is a short hike at the top of the track passing by New Zealand’s largest active landslip. For more to do here check out www.glaciercountry.co.nz Just in case you have not actually stood on a glacier, now is the time to do so with just other Kiwis around. Glacier Country Helicopters is a local company in Franz Josef. Poppy and Gus are the owner/pilots and along with the rest of their team (including Jonty, the security cat) offer scenic glacier flights with snow landings, private charters & heli-hunting (drop off or guided). There are some great specials available at the moment. For great views of the glaciers and Southern Alps with a landing try a 25 minute Franz Josef Glacier trip at $210 pp or for longer try a 45 minute trip to Franz Josef, Tasman & Fox Glacier with a landing at $395pp (valid till 30/11/2021). Group rates are available if you are bringing friends and family. www.glaciercountryhelicopters.co.nz. Since lockdown I have discovered so much more within my own places I go and I am heartened to meet Kiwis who are so appreciative to re-discover that New Zealand. We really do have something for every single person in our small team of 5 million. Until next time, do dust the flying machine off, explore and support local. Ruth AllansonF K Places to Go A snow landing with Glacier Country Helicopters.Tropical cyclones go by several names depending on where in the tropics they form, which is often a source of confusion. In the Atlantic and northeastern Pacific oceans they are called hurricanes, in the northwestern Pacific they are known as typhoons, while in the Indian and south Pacific oceans they are called tropical cyclones. On average, around 10 tropical cyclones form in the south Pacific from November through April – this period is Tropical cyclones are the most intense storm systems that occur on Earth. Although they are not an everyday concern for New Zealand aviators – unless flying to the tropics – the few systems that come down over the country can pose a serious hazard to aircraft. In this article Ciaran Doolin, MetService Meteorologist and Adjunct Teaching Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington, explains the science behind these systems and why they can bring such severe weather to our country. Tropical Cyclone Yasa tracking towards Fiji on 16 December 2020. On this occasion there was no significant weather impact on New Zealand, but that isn’t always the case. called the cyclone season – and about one will affect New Zealand. Looking solely at a surface pressure chart with an active tropical cyclone, one might be led to conclude that tropical cyclones are little different to the cyclones that form in our latitudes. One observes a closely spaced, circular pattern in the isobars, implying an intense clockwise circulation of the winds (in the Southern Hemisphere), with lowest pressure at the centre. Yet that is where the similarities end. In fact, the physical processes that give rise to these two types of cyclones are distinctly different. Whereas mid-latitude cyclones (sometimes referred to as lows or depressions) extract their energy from horizontal contrasts in air temperature – this is why fronts are often a birthing zone for these cyclones – tropical cyclones extract their energy from the uniformly warm tropical oceans. Warm water evaporates into the tropical air, storing vast amounts of energy in the atmosphere (as latent heat) which is later released as the air rises and Something’s Brewing in the Tropics forms cloud. Under suitable broad-scale conditions, these clouds can develop into thunderstorms and become organised into a low-pressure system, which may ultimately become a tropical cyclone. Sea surface temperatures are observed to be cooler in the wake of a tropical cyclone, partly due to the evaporation process, which illustrates how these systems extract heat from the ocean and transfer it to the atmosphere (another factor is the mixing of cold water deep in the ocean with warm near-surface water, induced by the strong winds and large waves associated with the cyclone). As the physical processes which govern tropical cyclones are distinct to that of a mid-latitude cyclone, their structure too is very different. Tropical cyclones have a symmetrical structure, with rings of thunderstorms encircling the low-pressure centre, and do not exhibit fronts. At the centre, also known as the eye, calm and sometimes clear conditions occur due to descending air motion (see Fig. 1). The strongest winds are near the NASA image 37 2021 #1 Aviation Meteorology contributed by Ciaran DoolinKiwiFlyer Magazine Issue 72 38 Aviation Meteorology surface in the eye wall – a region of the most intense thunderstorms surrounding the eye – with winds then decreasing with height. In contrast, a mid-latitude cyclone is asymmetrical, with cloud and precipitation concentrated along the distinct fronts associated with the system. The warm and occluded fronts are typically thick stratiform cloud, whereas the cold front is more convective, with thunderstorms often embedded in stratiform cloud. The strongest winds near the surface are found some distance from the low-pressure centre, and the wind speed increases with height reaching a maximum strength at about 10 km up. So, what happens when a tropical cyclone comes down towards New Zealand? The system loses its tropical cyclone structure. This typically happens before the system reaches New Zealand, at which point it is reclassified as an ex-tropical cyclone. There are two main reasons for this: 1. As the cyclone leaves the tropics it encounters much cooler sea surface temperatures, which reduce the fuel supply. 2. At the same time, the cyclone interacts with the westerly winds of mid- latitudes. These broad-scale westerlies increase in strength with height (owing to the temperature difference between the equator and poles). This increase in wind strength, known as vertical wind shear, chops off the top of the thunderstorms encircling the cyclone. The combination of these two events disrupts the feedback process between ocean and atmosphere that sustains the Fig. 1 – Tropical cyclone structure in the Southern Hemisphere. system. At the same time, however, the system becomes more widespread as the lowest layer of the atmosphere (where all the weather happens) is shallower outside the tropics, so the circulation gets squashed vertically and to compensate expands in the horizontal plane. However, although the cyclone loses its tropical character, this does not mean that the system has no potential for severe weather. While some ex-tropical cyclones decay rapidly after transition, others can continue to bring bad weather. The systems that affect the country come in two main categories: 1. The ex-tropical cyclone, though it has lost its tropical character, maintains a symmetrical structure, as it has not interacted with any mid-latitude weather systems such as a cold front. The weather impacts can be severe but are typically localised as the system’s areal extent is relatively small. 2. A surface front and/or trough in the upper atmosphere interacts with the ex- tropical cyclone, setting off a new process of intensification as energy is extracted from the temperature contrast between warm, tropical air and colder mid- latitude air – i.e., the system becomes a true mid-latitude cyclone. Sometimes lower central pressures than before reclassification are reached! Unlike in the first case, the severe weather impacts are widespread. It is this second category of ex-tropical cyclones that have produced some of New Zealand’s most destructive storms. For instance, the storm that caused the Wahine disaster in 1968 began its View the whole range at www.lightspeedheadsets.nz 0800 116 741 phil@lightspeedheadsets.nz UPGRADE your ZULU.2 to ZULU.3 TRADE IN your old set See Website for details PILOT FLIGHT BAGS SPECIAL DEALS Meet Zulu.3 Durable Kevlar Core Cabling 7 Year Warranty ANR, Bluetooth, Stunning Front Row Centre Audio Modified Ear Seals for Better Comfort and Performance THE BEST VALUE BY FAR ! Call Liviu: (09) 296 2354 or (09) 268 1199 or 021 048 7055 e: liviu.filimon@liviuavionics.com www.liviuavionics.com For All Fixed Wing or Rotary Avionics and Instruments Requirements l Repair, Calibration, Tests, new units l a/c 24 month inspections l New installations: Mode S, ADSB, a.o. Est. 2003F K life as Tropical Cyclone Giselle. As far as tropical cyclones go, Giselle was not especially intense. However, as it approached New Zealand, it connected with a sharp trough in the upper atmosphere and underwent one of the two most dramatic reintensifications of a former tropical cyclone in New Zealand history (see Fig. 2); the other case was the Great Cyclone of 1936. Ex-tropical cyclones of the second category can bring many hazards for aviators. There is an icing risk throughout the cloud bands associated with the cyclone, being particularly severe in the cold frontal region where thunderstorms are often present – in addition to there being significant risk of severe turbulence, hail, and lightning! Given the strength of the winds associated with the system, severe mechanical turbulence is often encountered in the vicinity of terrain, and strong wind shear with height can lead to significant turbulence at altitude. Significant reductions in visibility in heavy precipitation and low cloud bases are likely to make take-off and approach hazardous. There have been two tropical cyclones in the 2020/2021 south Pacific season so far: Yasa and Zazu. Tropical Cyclone Yasa reached Category Five, attaining a minimum central pressure of 899hPa, making it the most severe tropical cyclone in the region since Winston in 2016, and the fourth most intense on record. Unfortunately, Fiji sustained a direct hit from Yasa. Both systems eventually left the tropics, transitioning well north of New Zealand before decaying, neither having any significant weather impacts on the country (see Fig. 3). The joint NIWA and MetService Tropical Cyclone Outlook from October 2020 predicted normal to below normal activity in the south Pacific. However, the risk of an ex-tropical cyclone affecting New Zealand was forecast to be above normal. There are still several months left in the season, so keep an eye on the MetService Tropical Cyclone Activity page: www.metservice.com/ warnings/tropical-cyclone-activity. If the country is affected by an ex-tropical system, all the relevant aviation weather impacts will be handled 24/7 by our team of aviation meteorologists. MetService’s aviation forecasts can be found on MetFlight (metflight.metra.co.nz) and MetJet (metjet.metra.co.nz). Ciaran Doolin 39 2021#1 Fig. 3 – Infrared satellite image at 0000UTC 17 December 2020 showing Category Five Tropical Cyclone Yasa bearing down on Fiji, as well as ex-Tropical Cyclone Zazu near the southern boundary of the image. Notice the well-defined eye at the centre of Yasa – this is the small red/grey circular area in the middle of green/ blue colours just northwest of Fiji, indicating a small area of nearly clear sky conditions. The band of cumulonimbus cloud (thunderstorms) extending from Yasa to the north and northwest (green/blue surrounded by red) is due to a surface convergence zone – there is no change of airmass there (hence it is not a front). Imagery courtesy of the Japan Meteorological Agency. Fig. 2 – (left) Positions of Cyclone Giselle every 12 hours, as analysed by MetService; (right) Surface pressure map of Cyclone Giselle at 0900h 10 April 1968, as analysed by MetService. (All times are in NZST.) From Revell, M. J., and R. M. Gorman, 2003: The “Wahine storm”: Evaluation of a numerical forecast of a severe wind and wave event for the New Zealand coast. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37(2), 251-266. Ardmore Airfield, Papakura. Phone: (09) 298 9207 Email: office@nzwarbirds.org.nz www.nzwarbirds.org.nz N EW Z EALAND W ARBIRDS Join New Zealand’s most colourful aviation fraternity Membership includes free access to the Visitor Centre and weekly email ‘Ops Orders’ newsletter. Next >